ROLE OF BUSINESS ETHICS IN CORPORATE AMERICA, GLOBAL ECONOMY AND Research Proposal

Job OF BUSINESS ETHICS IN CORPORATE AMERICA, GLOBAL ECONOMY AND LATEST FINANCIAL CRISIS - Research Proposal Example The debasement and ravenousness that accompanied intensity of total control through economy additionally assumed it significant job in the continuous decay. The belief system of free market economy and the entrepreneur economy offered ascend to the financial set up that is most obviously polished in America. It rose against the socialist and fundamentalist goals and turned into the agent arrangement of popular government. As the economies developed they advanced into a specific framework with solid principles and guidelines. The business and enterprises created and as the economy got worldwide, these ventures and organizations formed into global associations and corporate. The corporate turned into the focal organs of the monetary framework, and with these set up, emerged the need of expanding benefits. Notwithstanding, with the unlimited oversight of economy came power for these corporate that likewise held the spot to settle on key choices. As is said the supreme force ruins totally, so with the unlimited oversight over the vast majority of monetary choices and with the ability to control governments with their financial influence, the corporate pioneers enjoyed debasement and the stream down impact remained constant, as each one of those under them, followed their lead. The corporate culture that created in these conditions was full of untrustworthy practices; it took care of covetousness and ravenousness thus lead to defilement in all the fundamental quarters. While some of them were charged and rebuffed for their practices, the majority of them proceeded with the practices under the affectation of amplification of benefits that at last needed to stream down to the lower layers of the general public. This be that as it may, was not the case and keeping in mind that the cash amassed in the hairdos of the couple of, the primary individuals who should be the recipient of the free market endured and neglected to advance. The circumstance everywhere throughout the globe continued as before. The financial emergency likewise, influenced those at the lower-layers of society, or in the immature nations, aggravating their sufferings even. Beginning with the sub-prime home loan emergency, the economy in America confronted a serious financial issue, and the circumstance prompted a total withdrawal of confidence on part of the individuals in the monetary strategies and exchanges of government. This emergency thusly influenced the worldwide economy as every one of those countries who had put resources into the partnerships that were announced bankrupt or were nearly it, sank taking with them all the put away cash. The economies universally were additionally influenced on account of the seriously interconnected nature of the worldwide exchange and business. A lower central bank in any nation influenced the trust of every single other nation in them and with the US itself on verge of monetary catastrophe because of absence of liquidity, the current circumstance turns into a matter of grave worry for all included. The circumstance additionally bears witness to the way that changes in the current financial set-up are gravely required. End The need of the time is to devise techniques and make laws, just as to ensure the usage of

The Rise of Private High Schools Essay Example for Free

The Rise of Private High Schools Essay Introduction For a long time secondary school training has been the duty of the state.â Yet, in a matter of moments in history did government become so completely engaged with youthful instruction as after the Second World War.â The period of large government would mean enormous spending in different social projects, one of the most significant of which would be education.â Groundbreaking advances would be found in the guidance of different territories of training recently disregarded, for example, music, craftsmanship and sports. Alongside this association in the lives of their youngsters came guardians confidence that in nations, for example, Canada and the United States, government funded instruction, most explicitly secondary school training, would lay the preparation for a safe and prosperous future for the future grown-ups of the country.  It was uniquely towards the finish of the Cold War that globalization joined by neo-liberal financial matters would constrain Canadians to reevaluate their open secondary schools.  â â â â â â â â â â The expanding significance of changing innovation combined with the general decay of state funded schools has made us look with more noteworthy distrust upon governments capacity to deal with the educational system in the present day.â It is for these very reasons that guardians have gotten increasingly open to the upsides of private education.â Despite the way that open secondary schools are still to a great extent in the hands of government over the most recent twenty years, we have seen a huge development in private foundation attendance.â The motivation behind this work is to examine the ascent of private secondary school instruction and talk about its conceivable future. Writing Review Current writing underpins the decrease of the open secondary school and the ascent in significance of the tuition based school.  Aurini and Davies (2004, 2007) have done indepth examination on territories of private tutoring in Ontario, for example, private coaching and self-teaching and all through their readings have maintained that private schooling is on the rise.â Aurini (2004) in her experience as a private mentor and in her ensuing examination concerning private schooling has seen a remarkable ascent in significant of private schooling, most explicitly with mentalities towards parents.â In truth Aurini (2006) goes to far as to state that appearance of private schooling has brought about the re-trim of government funded instruction.  â â â â â â â â â â Although obviously examines are demonstrating the rising significance of private schooling they are likewise plotting why this is occurring.â Geiger (1994) unmistakably believes that the globalized world and the resultant increment of requests on understudies and schools to stay aware of mechanical advances is overpowering for state funded schools and contracting instruction budgets.â Davies (1999) adds to this contention in his examination of strict gatherings and the developing acknowledgment by legislatures of their demands.â Whereas twenty years back their was a considerably more mixture mindset encompassing various requests for tutoring, with the development of independence worldwide so comes the development of individual training. There are various liberal disapproved of creators, for example, Finn who accept that the responses to these issues can be given by the market.â The steady push by certain researchers to reliably fix up government funded school issues are dismissed by Finn.â He accepts a progressively extreme change is important to tidy up state funded schools.  â â â â â â â â â â Yet, numerous creators keep on having faith in the government funded educational system and battle that it is a fundamental piece of vote based system and correspondence in a nation.â Fotopoulos (2004) claims that while people live in the public arena, they are in reality social people and that one of the most demonstrated strategies for making them some portion of society is through a state funded school system.â Yet, other than increment school financial plans it turns out to be increasingly more hard to track down answers for the state funded educational systems problems.â Cowley (2001), in irritation states, â€Å"while there is understanding about the requirement for better schools, there is no understanding about how to improve our schools.†  Development of Private Education Different types of private schooling have extended in great numbers in the Western world in the course of the last two centuries.â What was once thought of as an extravagance or an innecessity by numerous guardians is currently being rethought as a reasonable and safe option.â Canada isn't the exemption, in spite of the fact that it is an eminent case of how private schooling elements are making progress. Davies and Aurini (2004) guarantee that enlistment in tuition based schools in Canada has gone from 5% to 6% during the previous decade (p. 420).â Although the number in appearance may appear to be little it means a 20% development for private schools.â In Ontario the development is significantly all the more amazing and arrived at 40% with a sum of 750 schools in the area (Davies and Aurini, p. 420).â Private training is picking up significance with guardians of both more youthful and more established students.â This is obviously found in the extension of Montessori schools just as exclusive professional universities (Aurini and Davies, 2004).â what's more we ought not disregard the development of private coaching and self-teaching. Aside from the development of private foundations it is essential to think about impression of private versus open education.â A review taken a year ago found that â€Å"46% of guardians would want to send their young youngsters to tuition based schools, while 60% of Ontarians concurred with the expression ‘private school understudies get vastly improved instruction than state funded school students’† (Aurini, 2006, p. 108)  Inconvenience in Public Education As recently referenced private schooling, up to this point, has taken the rearward sitting arrangement the staggering significance of government lead education.â A comprehension of state funded instruction today and every one of its issues necessitates that we comprehend its history.â when the new century rolled over we saw a noteworthy ascent in enormous government, explicitly in Canada.â The way of life and society that spun around the government assistance condition of the post-WWII period unmistakably upheld governments attack into the fields of training and wellbeing, to give some examples. Guardians setting their youngsters in the hands of the state held the general conviction that the schools would put forth a valiant effort to give equivalent chance and social mobility.â Private schools supposedly fell in the domain of the individuals who could bear the cost of their galactic costs. Regularly tuition based schools were related to religion and the upper classes.â Gabbard (2004) states that government funded schools in American culture have held such obligations as â€Å"equalizing sexual orientation and racial imbalances, giving the information and aptitudes that give everybody an equivalent chance to encounter the ‘American Dream,’ creating a workforce with abilities that empower U.S. partnerships to contend adequately in the worldwide commercial center, and getting ready residents to be successful members in an equitable society† (p. 3).â â There was a typical want to accept that â€Å"schools reinforce our majority rules system, [and] our capacity to seriously partake in the dynamic procedures that sway our networks and our lives† (Gabbard, 2004, p. 3). Regardless of whether government funded schools are still up to this assignment is one of the awful inquiries we should pose ourselves.â Indeed, what has consistently been a momentous undertaking has been additionally been troubled by the idea of our undeniably worldwide, progressively innovation based and progressively serious society.â Geiger (1994) claims, â€Å"To prevail in the 21st century, today’s understudies must alumni with more than information on the past.â They should be able to combine and investigate new data, have an independent mind, and adjust rapidly to an existence where change in the constant† (p. 63).â The mechanical instruments that are available in practically all types of work are frequently not found in government funded schools (Geiger, 1994). Inconvenience in High Schools Unmistakably secondary schools are confronting difficulties they have not needed to look in the previous fifty years or that possibly they never have needed to face.â Run-down structures, packed classes, school savagery, and poor rustic help are just a portion of the issues on the not insignificant rundown any instructor, parent or school overseer could give you.â There is by all accounts less schools than ever.â One report shows that,  â â â â â â â A total rebuilding of secondary school offices is required, as the present plan drives adolescents into a domain in opposition to the manner in which they learn. The first and most significant change ought to be a decrease in the size of secondary schools. Research has indicated that understudies have better participation, are more averse to drop out, display less order issues, and perform better when going to a littler high school† (Hall and Handly, 2004, p. 21). A much all the more distracting issue is that of brutality at school.â The most recent couple of hundreds of years has seen an expansion in assaults of fury and an essentially increasingly savage atmosphere.â One executive cases that, â€Å"It was simply after numerous long periods of experience and examination that we started to comprehend the level of wrath todays young people feel and how the educational system is bombing them, scholastically as well as in pretty much every possible way† (Hall and Handly, 2004, p. 21).  â â â â â â â â â â While urban schools are tormented by savagery and packed study halls numerous country Ontario schools are deficient in essential material resources.â Low school subsidizing is by all accounts a difficult most popular to northern sheets and provincial Ontario sheets (Trouble in, 2004).â An investigation done by The People for Education shows that â€Å"Ontario’s littler schools are more averse to have bookkeepers

Ancient Greece and Greek Red-figure Vase Essay Example for Free

Antiquated Greece and Greek Red-figure Vase Essay In antiquated Greece, most occupations were finished by slaves rather than free individuals. This was on the grounds that the Greeks had no cash to pay laborers with (until the Archaic time frame), and in light of the fact that they had no tickers (to quantify to what extent someone had worked). Be that as it may, it was additionally on the grounds that it is less expensive to constrain individuals to work for you than it is to pay them. The vast majority who were slaves in Greece had been brought into the world free. They were sold into subjugation by their folks when they were youngsters, in light of the fact that their folks were too poor to even consider taking consideration of them. Or then again they were caught by ruffians or as detainees of war and sold as slaves. A couple of slaves were the offspring of different slaves. A few slaves were Greek and some were Persians or Egyptians or Scythians. There were a great deal of employments, thus about 33% of the individuals living in antiquated Greece were slaves. Slaves were possessed by others, and needed to work for their proprietors. They couldn't choose to go work for another person. On the off chance that they wouldn't work, their proprietor hit them. Individuals who were slaves couldn't wed or bring up kids without their owner’s consent. Furthermore, slaves could be sold whenever. The vast majority of the slaves worked in the fields, furrowing and planting seeds and collecting wheat and grain and olives. A few slaves worked for little ranches, possibly only a couple of slaves working nearby their chief. Different slaves chipped away at colossal homesteads with many different slaves, and never observed their proprietor. Slaves who worked in the fields were practically all men. Different slaves, the two people, worked in production lines or little shops, making shoes or shields or stoneware or calfskin or weaving fabric. A few slaves trim hair in barbershops, and others worked in the open showers. Some were whores. Slaves who could peruse and compose were regularly educators or bookkeepers. Or on the other hand slaves who had aptitudes may be performers or artists. Talented slaves were frequently liberated when they got too old to even consider working, however we’re uncertain about whether this was fortunate or unfortunate for them. Fewer slaves filled in as workers in the places of their proprietors. Ladies functioned as wet-medical attendants, or as caretakers, or as cleaning ladies or cooks. They went to get water from the open wellsprings. Men worked dealing with the ponies, or going with free kids to class, or as jacks of all trades or plant specialists. Men went to the market to do the shopping each day. These slaves, as well, were regularly liberated when they got old and couldn’t work any longer. Some poor slaves worked paddling exchanging ships. They were held down in the base of the boat and never observed the sun, and they were given just bread and water to eat, and were frequently beaten to make them pull the paddles harder. Most men who functioned as rowers didn’t live extremely long. Yet, the slaves that were the most exceedingly awful off were the men who worked in the silver mines. The silver in the mines was blended in with lead. So the men who worked in these mines bit by bit passed on of lead harming. No one lived more than a few years. Their proprietors realized that the slaves were being harmed, however they didn’t care. A portion of these slaves were hoodlums, killers or criminals who were being rebuffed by functioning as slaves. Others were slaves who had attempted to flee from different employments, or had would not work. In any case, numerous slaves went to the mines for reasons unknown by any means, since individuals were expected to work in the mines, and free individuals didn’t need that sort of work

Online Is The Perfect Website Destination For Those Who...

E! Online E! Online is the perfect website destination for those who eat, sleep, and breathe pop culture. Pop culture is a phenomenon that has taken root all across the nation. In order to reach that wide range of audience eonline.com branched out and can now be accessible on other social media networks such as twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and many more. With more than thirty-nine million multiplatform visitors per month E! Online is one of the fastest growing digital destinations. This website does a perfect job on delivering what’s viral now with exclusive breaking news, in-depth celebrity coverage, TV scoops, fashion trends and much more. This website is not only informative to the viewer but also very captivating to the viewer’s eye due to its visual appearance, simple readability, and trouble-free navigation. One major key element that makes a website successful is to have an appealing visual appearance. Just like people form first impressions by looking at a person, first impressions on a website is no different. Although, E! Online homepage is very simple with its white background and black text they do make sure to add splashes of color here and there to highlight the latest news and trends. As you start to navigate through the website each category depending on what it’s about has its own distinct background which is quite unique. The pictures and videos eonline.com chose to put on their website are very captivating and same goes for their captions. These imagesShow MoreRelatedDieting Makes People Fat Essay19490 Words   |  78 Pagesinvestigated by scientists to know more about the smoking related diseases. IF YOU HAVE AN EXCESS WEIGHT, HOW CAN YOU LOSE IT? Tips to Lose Weight in a Week To shed those calories without going on a weight loss diet, try these simple steps: 1. Wake Up Early . 2. Take a Brisk Walk. 3. Do not skip breakfast. 4. Eat a balanced lunch. 5. Eat Smaller, Frequent Portions. 6. Drink a lot of water during the day. Drink a glass of water every 2 hours or so.   7. At least 2 hours between dinner and bedtime. 8Read MoreSocial Networking Sites-Boon/Bane15517 Words   |  63 Pagesalso found concerns about the ability of people to tamper with the tracking technology and lie about where they are. Accuracy aside, people were concerned about the potential for the technology to erode trust among friends and family, says Abbas, who presented the pilot study results at this weeks IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society conference in Wollongong. Youre working towards trusting a technology rather than trusting someone youre in a relationship with, she said.Read MoreEssay on Fall of Asclepius95354 Words   |  382 Pagesworthy; Zombies. It was a simple word. At the same time it was the most complicated word to enter any human language. I mean just think about it... You say that word to anyone before the outbreak and what would they think of? They would, think of those horror movies or comic books where, for no reason what so ever, zombies appear all around the globe in an instance. Thats not how it happened for us. There were signs for over two months. Its just that no one took the time to put the pieces togetherRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesInc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior /Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesMorin−Jarrell Leadership, Fifth Edition Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy The Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux and others . . . This book was printed on recycled paper. Management http://www.mhhe.com/primis/online/ Copyright  ©2005 by The McGraw−Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in anyRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY

Accounts and Finance

Questions: You are Susans assistant and you have been asked to prepare a report that is backed by scholarly literature addressing the following issues regarding approaches to compensation: a. Typical elements of compensation packages b. Outline the key assumptions of traditional agency theory and theirinfluence on approaches to compensation c. Explain the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation and therelationship between the two motivations d. How might an employees attitude to risk influence their desiredcompensation package? e. How might the time period when employee receives a financial benefitinfluence they desire for the benefit? f. What role do fairness considerations have when determiningcompensation? g. Why an executive compensation committee may provide benefits indetermining compensation. h. How to structure an executive compensation committee to achieve thebest outcomes. i. Conclusion: use the information in your previous answers to developrecommendations for determining compensation that enhance job satisfaction and work motivation. Answers: Introduction In the given report, a construction company, whose director and CEO is Bill Strong is worried about the decreasing motivation of its employees. Therefore, he wants to introduce an executive compensation committee to reward its employees in which the executives will be given shares of the company, which will be held in the trust for three years before employees can sell them. For this reason, he has appointed a CFO to look after the matter who has suggested that the intrinsic value must be taken into account whereas CEO is of view that traditional agency theory approach must be implemented to determine compensation of executives. Discussion (a) Elements of Compensation Executives are one of the important factors for the growth and sustainability an enterprise hence compensation package is another factor that is paid to the executives in return of the work performed by them (Major, Sawyer and Kunstman 2013). The compensation package differs from company to company but there are some basic elements of the compensation package that are same. In the given case of Strong Built Construction Company, a new Chief Financial Officer, Susan Bold is appointed who seeks information for typical elements of compensation that are stated as follows: Basic Salary Annual or Quarterly Bonus Other Bonus Stock Options Stock Equity Pre- tax contribution Health perquisites Life and Accident Insurance Travelling or Legal Insurance Other basic perquisites The above-mentioned elements are basic elements, which an organization provides to its executives whereas; these elements may vary from entity to entity based on factors like geographical region, industrial norms and policy, professional qualification and experience (LaCosse et al. 2015). Further, an organization may provide high basic salary and low compensations and perquisites while some companys may provide low basic salary and high compensations and perquisites depending on the industrial policies. (b) Assumptions and influence of traditional agency theory Agency theory is the relationship between principals and agents. Principals are those who hire agents to perform task according their need and in return pay them remuneration. The key assumptions of traditional agency theory are the principals are the masters and employees have to do what their masters tell them to do (Moradi et al. 2014). The relation between the argents and principals are not always harmonious, it is concerned with conflicts within the agency only, it has implication on business ethics and corporate governance and it gives rise to agency cost. Because of this agency assumption, it gives rise to conflict in employer-employee relationship. It also tends to de motivate the employees and discourage them while performing their work. If this thing happen in an organization on a regular basis then will become more and more difficult to achieve organizational goals and objectives (Sonnier 2013). The stakeholders will also lose faith on executives and board members on whom they have delegated authorities. (c) Difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation is a kind of motivation in which employees are motivated to work hard in order to get reward or avoid any type of punishment. Intrinsic motivation is a kind of motivation in which an employee work hard in order to satisfy him personally without and external reward i.e. doing any work for own sake (Wilkins, Hermanson and Cohen 2015). The main difference of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation is that extrinsic motivation comes from inside whereas intrinsic motivation comes from external reward. Various surveys have shown that excessive external reward for a task for which employees are already internally motivated can lend down the intrinsic motivation of an executive (Conyon 2014). Extrinsic motivation can be helpful in situation where individual have no personal interest on the work, it is best to motivate an employee when a new training to obtain new skills is to be given to the employee. The relations between these two motivations are external rewards which are given unexpectedly does not reduce intrinsic. Praising can also help to increase the employees internal motivation. Both the motivation if put together, can play an important role in setting up learning objectives and motivate the employees. (d) Employees attitude toward risk affecting their package In an organization, there are various factors, which influence the attitude of an employee. The management policies toward their employees give rise to the risk factor within the employees. If the management tendency is to terminate their employees if their performance falls below certain level or punish then it will give rise to internal risk of low job security among the employees and they will demand higher compensation for maintaining a certain standard of work (Hermanson et al. 2012). If the work done by the employees is highly risky to their health or other issues then they will demand higher compensation package for working in such environment. This issue must be taken into account by the management of the company while determining the compensation package of a employee. It is a very well known fact that if employees can smell risks factor in their job then they will tend to demand a high package (McCall et al. 2014). So management must ensure that there no risk factor in the job done by their employees or at least minimize the risk factor so that the employee cost of the overall organization is lower. (e) Time-period of receiving financial benefit. Whenever any financial benefit is given by the organization to its employees, it is a bit time consuming. Time is required due to various reasons like calculating and processing with the incentives, certain structure of the rewards like employees stock option scheme where first company gives an option to their employees then employees execute their option after certain fixed time and then the company makes allotment (Dittmann, Yu and Zhang 2015). This can be very lengthy process sometimes, which may affect the desire of the employees toward the benefit. Employees may tend to think that they may not even get the incentives after such long period as it will get un-noticed by the management and their hard work will have no reorganization. If an employees is of urgent need of money and because of that he tends to work hard to get incentives immediately then benefits given to him after a long period of time will not be of any help to him. (f) Fairness consideration while determining compensation The management of an organization must while determining incentives and rewards payable to their employees consider fairly the hard work done by all employees. Management must not be partial towards some employees i.e. they must not prioritize their employees. If partiality becomes a companys policy then it will hamper its reputation and de-motivate their employees (Guthrie, Sokolowsky and WAN 2012). Most of the executives will not be willing to work hard if they come to know that their effort will never be rewarded as some of the executives who have linkups with top management will only be rewarded even though they did not perform well. All the employees of the organization must be treated equally by the management to motivate them achieve organizational goals and objectives. (g) Executive compensation committee The main object of Executive compensation committee is to perform the responsibility delegated by board of directors in managing and designing executive compensation for its executives. While performing its duties the committee must take into account the monetary as well as non-monetary compensation and benefits payable to its executives. The committee should take advice from a self-governing compensation consultant hired by the organization. The advisor will independently act without any bounding from the management, evaluate the performance of each executive, and compute the benefits and rewards accruable to them accordingly (Boyle and Roberts 2013). This will also motivate the executives, as there will be fair consideration of their hard work. (h) Structure of Executive Compensation Committee As per new rules made by Australian government, every listed company must have an Executive committee consisting of independent directors. The committee must comprise of at least three to six members. The average members of executive compensation committee are 5. The independent directors must not have any financial interest in the organization. The executive committee must meet at least 4 times in a year and at least once in a year. The members of the committee may not be expert in deciding compensation but they should have the knowledge of analyzing cost, benefits and risk (Bol, Hecht and Smith 2015). The committee members must have the capability to ask complicated questions and put a limitation on the payment made to the executives. The members of the committee must be rotated at periodic intervals to ensure transparency in the committee. (i) Conclusion From the typical analysis of the above questions, a clear understanding of various compensation packages required to motivate the employees is obtained. Traditional agency theory can and its impact on the organization is understandable from the above analysis. The difference between external and internal motivation and their relation is clear. The risk factor that affects the compensation on an executive is also discussed. The time factor to getting the rewards and incentives can also affect the motivation of the employees to work hard. Fairness in determining the compensation is also a big motivating factor for its employees. The structure and role of executive compensatory is also analyzed. References Bol, J.C., Hecht, G. and Smith, S.D., 2015. Managers' discretionary adjustments: The influence of uncontrollable events and compensation interdependence.Contemporary Accounting Research,32(1), pp.139-159. Boyle, G. and Roberts, H., 2013. CEO presence on the compensation committee: a puzzle.Journal of Economics and Business,70, pp.16-26. Conyon, M.J., 2014. Executive compensation and board governance in US firms.The Economic Journal,124(574), pp.F60-F89. Dittmann, I., Yu, K.C. and Zhang, D., 2015. How important are risk-taking incentives in executive compensation?.Available at SSRN 1176192. Guthrie, K., Sokolowsky, J. and WAN, K.M., 2012. CEO compensation and board structure revisited.The Journal of Finance,67(3), pp.1149-1168. Hermanson, D.R., Tompkins, J.G., Veliyath, R. and Ye, Z.S., 2012. The Compensation Committee Process*.Contemporary Accounting Research,29(3), pp.666-709. LaCosse, J., Tuscherer, T., Kunstman, J.W., Plant, E.A., Trawalter, S. and Major, B., 2015. Suspicion of White people's motives relates to relative accuracy in detecting external motivation to respond without prejudice.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,61, pp.1-4. Major, B., Sawyer, P.J. and Kunstman, J.W., 2013. Minority Perceptions of Whites Motives for Responding Without Prejudice The Perceived Internal and External Motivation to Avoid Prejudice Scales.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, p.0146167213475367. McCall, C., Steinbeis, N., Ricard, M. and Singer, T., 2014. Compassion meditators show less anger, less punishment, and more compensation of victims in response to fairness violations.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience,8. Moradi, S., Garcia, D., Andersson Arntn, A.C. and Archer, T., 2014. Motivation as a Mediator: Internal External Factors fostering Employee Engagement. In26th Association for Psychological Science Annual Convention. San Francisco, California, USA. Sonnier, B.M., 2013. The effects of wrongdoer motivation and internal versus external reporting channel on the intention to report fraud.Journal of Forensic Investigative Accounting,5(2), pp.77-113. Wilkins, A.M., Hermanson, D.R. and Cohen, J.R., 2015. Do Compensation Committee Members Perceive Changing CEO Incentive Performance Targets Mid-Cycle to be Fair?

Piezoelectric Nano

Introduction Piezoelectric nano-biosensors are designed to operate in the nano-dimensions. They are mainly used to conduct an analysis of various biomaterial samples with the chief objective of understanding bio-compositions, functionalities, and even their structures (Atta 2011).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Piezoelectric Nano-biosensor Importance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although different modes of operations are deployed by different biosensors, their central principle of operation is based on the interactions of physical and or chemical detectors and the biological components. Through this interaction, it becomes possible to detect and analyse analytes (Joshi Bhansali 2008). A biological recognition element that incorporates a nano-material or nano-scale phenomena having the capability to convert the cognized event through transduction process into an appropriate signal in chemical of physica l format is the building block of piezoelectric nano-biosensors. In these sense, piezoelectric nano-biosensors form the bridge between the biological spectrum and the chemical and or physical spectrums (Khana 2012). Some of the detection principles of operation of nano-biosensors include optical, mechanical, chemical, and piezoelectric detection ideologies. The focus of this paper is on the piezoelectric bio-sensing detection principle. The science behind piezoelectric nano-biosensors Piezoelectric transducers are deployed in the signal detection process to change mechanical force that is exacted by masses placed on a crystal onto some electrical signal, which while amplified is used to proportionately measure the mass of an object placed on the piezoelectric material. When a mass is placed on top of piezoelectric material, the material resonates with a frequency proportional to the mass placed on it. A voltage proportionate to the size of the mass is generated (Dey Goswami 2011).A dvertising Looking for case study on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the nano-dimensions, piezoelectric materials or nano-biosensors deploying the piezzo electric principle of operation possess immobilised elements of sensing on some piezoelectric crystals. A good example of material that can be deployed to function as a piezoelectric transducer is â€Å"functionalised quartz crystal with dehydrogenate to detect formaldehyde† (Pohanka et al. 2007: 2826). However, it is perhaps also crucial to note that, when voltage is applied across a piezoelectric material, the material deforms proportionately to the amount of voltage applied. An immense theoretical study on the operation principle of the piezoelectric material has been developed. Whether at nano level or even in the kilo level, the basic principle of operation remains the same. Sauerbrey (Ho 1999), Stockridge (Hahn 1988) and Lostis (Muramatsu et al. 1987) deployed different approaches to develop equations that describe the relationship between the frequency of resonance for an oscillating crystal of a piezoelectric material and a mass placed on the surface of the crystal. Although the three scholars’ equations are similar, Sauerbrey’s equation has received a universal acceptance (Ho 1999). Sauerbrey’s equation relates to an AT-cut quartz crystal â€Å"vibrating in the thickness shear mode that describes the relationship between mass of thin films deposited on the quartz crystal and the corresponding change in resonant frequency of the crystal† (Hussain et al. 1997: 505).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Piezoelectric Nano-biosensor Importance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The change in frequency for an oscillating quartz crystal in Hz is given by the equation: Source: (Hussain et al. 1997: 505) In the equation, denot es the change in mass that produces a corresponding variation in frequency Advertising Looking for case study on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More . A is the electrode surface area measured in cm2. The described relationship by Sauerbrey is not only applicable to film depositions but equally applicable to deposition of particulate matter (Hussain et al. 1997: 505). In the thickness-shear mode of vibration, the overall frequency of oscillation of AT-cut quartz crystal is described by the equation: F defines the crystal frequency, N is a constant of the material used to make the piezoelectric sensor, and ‘a’ defines the thickness of the material used to make the crystal. For a quartz crystal, which is the most typical material deployed to make piezoelectric transducers, N is given by 1.66 MHz-mm. The thickness of a crystal can be defined by the equation: Where M stands for the electrically driven portion of the mass of the crystal, A the eclectically driven crystal area, and Rho (⠍ ´) defines the crystal’s density. Since the crystal of quartz is in solid state, its density is constant. Consequently, for an infinite change in mass M, the corresponding change in frequency registered by the piezoelectric transducer is given by: Source: (Hussain et al. 1997: 505) However, in the practical application of piezoelectric transducer, F and M are constants so that is given by where K is the constant defined by This equation shows that the change in frequency produced by a piezoelectric biosensors inserted in an analyte is proportionate to the change in mass. This principle can be applied in the construction of piezoelectric biosensor used in treatment of tuberculosis process as described later in the paper. Example of a nano-biosensor, which utilises piezoelectric detection principle A good example of biosensor that utilises piezoelectric principle is the micro membrane biosensors. The sensor makes use of thin films of crystal falling in the range of 10 to 30nm (Woolley, 2000). When placed near cells, they are able to detect the masses of the cells and hence their presence. The detection process is realised via measurements of natural frequencies of the vibrating crystals. The frequency is a function of the mass placed on the piezoelectric sensing element. Applying such sensors in the immunology demands that the masses of cell belonging to infectious organizations are known so that the frequency registered can be used to identify the type of pathogen in the body of a host. In some situations, during infections, the pathogen cell interacts with body defence mechanism cells, which comprise the antibodies through the engulfing process. When such a process occurs, rapid changes in the frequencies of the piezoelectric nano-sensor occur so that, even if the immunologist may not be fully cognizant about the specific type of infection a patient is suffering from, he or she can be able to detect anomalies in the patient’s body. When micro-membrane biosensors are used this way, they form an essential component of pre-diagnosis process. Difference of nano biosensors an d conventional non-nano methods: advantages and disadvantages Interaction of antibodies with antigens provides a wonderful opportunity for development of chemical binding based biosensor. In theoretical terms, in case it is possible to raise an antibody against a specific analyte, it becomes possible to develop an immune-sensor to recognise it, for which piezoelectric sensor is one of the imuno-sensors. It is also important to note, â€Å"Despite high specificity and affinity of antibodies towards complementary ligand molecules, most antibody-antigen interactions do not cause an electronically measurable change† (Kumar 2008: 198). This forms a major challenge of application of nano biosensors in the detection of changes in the analyte masses for possible detection of pathogens, for instance, those causing TB. Nonetheless, this argument does not mean that it is impossible to develop a piezoelectric biosensor such as the one described in the subsequent sections of the paper. Pi ezoelectric biosensors can be produced from a myriad of crystalline substances. Such substances have incredible properties, which facilitates precise detection of analytes for presence of antigen-antibody reactions. Indeed, a piezoelectric â€Å"immune-sensor is thought to be one of the most sensitive analytical instruments developed to date, being capable of detecting antigens in the pictogram range† (Kumar 2000: 198). Opposed to traditional sensors, the piezoelectric biosensors can detect the antigens while in both liquid and gaseous phases. When the developed device is applied in detection of changes in mass of amalgamations formed due to reaction between the antigens and antibodies because of infection of tuberculosis bacterium, principle advantages are gained while the functionality of the device is compared with the traditional approaches in tuberculosis detection procedures and processes. In fact, the traditional approaches to diagnosis of tuberculosis have repetitive drawbacks. Generally, they are time consuming. In some instances, they are non-specific. Kumar (2000) exemplifies this argument by asserting, â€Å"In most cases of pulmonary and extra-pulmonary TB, diagnosis depends upon culturing the micro-bacterial organism, a process requiring 4-8 weeks† (199). Consequently, in the attempt to counter this challenges, magnificent attention has been directed towards development of mechanisms of diagnosis of TB, which are rapid and time cautious by various researchers. Some of the developed strategies fail to have high sensitivity and specificity for the required appropriate diagnosis (Kumar 2000). It is for this reason that the proposed piezoelectric biosensor is both appropriate and significant in driving new approaches for tuberculosis detection or diagnosis. The science and principles of operation of traditional biosensors do not constitute an adequate basis for advocating their utilisation in practice. Issues such as economic factors in relation to their manufacturing coupled with their functionalities are also critical. The main question is, ‘how effective are the traditional biosensors in realisation of the purposes they are designed to accomplish?’ The rapid explosions of technology and science experienced over the last three decades pose challenges to the applicability of the traditional biosensors in the era of scientific and technological evolution. Such challenges manifest themselves in terms of improvement of the accuracy and preciseness of the transducers, multiplexing (the capacity for detection of biomarkers in a simultaneous manner), reduction of costs associated with manufacturing, and operation of the gadgets (Prakash et al 2012: Bhushan 2012). It is through the need to resolve some of these challenges of the traditional biosensors that the nano-biosensors have been developed. A particular concern for embracement of the proposed piezoelectric nano-biosensors in the diagnosis of TB is art iculated to the need to increase the specificity and sensitivity of the traditional biosensors in the quest to facilitate early detection of the associated signals to be measured. A major advantage of using the nano-biosensors in opposition to the traditional biosensors is that, while traditional biosensors utilise â€Å"any specific substance â€Å"as the analyte, the nano-biosensor uses â€Å"any substances with the potential to detect a single molecule or fragment of DNA† (Adam Kizek 2008, p.6129). This argument means that the detection is narrowed to molecular level. Nano-bio-sensing is achieved in the same manner under various approaches. These approaches include the use of antigen-antibody interactions, cell based, and enzymes catalysis and through nucleic acid recognition. Nonetheless, nano-bio-sensing extends this approach to include ELISA and nanonfluidic technology and techniques. Mass-production of the sensor, details of the fabrication method and cost-effective ness Mass production In the mass production of products, reproducibility is an important factor. In mass production of piezoelectric nano-biosensors, reproducibility is a major hindrance. The sensitivity and precision of piezoelectric biosensor are directly proportional to the dimensional accuracy including the shape of the crystal cut. The obstacles coupled with other obstacles such as â€Å"presence of biomaterial in the biosensor (immobilisation of bimolecules on transducers, stability of enzymes and antibodies), the development of the sensor device (sensitivity and reproducibility issues) and the integration of biosensors into complete systems† (Velasco-Garcia Mottram 2003: 5) impair the mass production of the piezoelectric biosensor. However, with new advents of production technologies such as rapid prototyping and computer aided precision machining, it is possible to mass-produce the device’s components. Details of the fabrication In this section, a practical pi ezoelectric biosensor is described. Since a nano-piezoelectric biosensor would require highly precise machining process and intricate fabrication techniques, which are not realisable in the context of this paper, the discussed example of piezoelectric biosensor does not fall in the nano range. The block diagram (Fig 1) below illustrates the schematically the components of the nano-biosensor showing how they are related with one another. Fig 1: Block diagram for the piezoelectric sensor Source: (Pohanka et al. 2007) The piezoelectric sensor is composed of three main components. These are gold electrode, quartz crystal, and the base plate. Quartz crystal used is made of alpha quartz since such a crystal is not soluble in water. It is also resistant to high temperatures (Pohanka et al. 2007). Indeed, alpha quartz crystal has the capacity to withstand temperature up to 579 degree centigrade without losing prosperities of piezoelectric. The resonance frequency of the quartz crystal is a function of the physical dimensions and measurements of the cut crystal. AT-cut crystal is the most preferred for the discussed piezoelectric biosensor since it has been proved through scholarly researches that it is the most stable. Its temperature coefficient is 1ppm per degree centigrade within a temperature range of 10 degrees centigrade to 50 degree centigrade. This property is important since the temperature under which the piezoelectric sensor proposed here will operate (under environmental standard temperature) is in this temperature range. The crystal can also be modified to take a number of forms including rectangles, discs, and squares. The figure below shows schematically the details of the fabrication of the sensor as discussed by Kumar (2000). Source: (Kumar 2000) In the process of imuno-sensing, a protein extracted from Staphylococcus aureus is used to modify the surface of the coating of the device to increase the adhesion properties of the antibodies. The form of Staphylococcus protein used is capable to bind on the molecules of the imunoglobin particularly the IgG antibodies. When immersed in a tube containing antigens, it is anticipated that antigen-antibody reaction will occur thus causing a change in the mass on the crystal. From the developed theory of operation of the device, a corresponding frequency change occurs. The frequency counter will record this change in frequency as a change (ââ€" ³F). Since antibody-antigen reaction is anticipated to occur in magnitudes corresponding to the concentration levels of antigens, the higher the frequency changes, the higher the concentration of antigens. Consequently, it is more likely for the patients from whom the antigens have been obtained to suffer from advanced TB. Cost effectiveness One of the central challenges on the commercial production of nano-sensors is associated with the cost of production of micro components of the sensors with high degrees of precision. Although, over the last t wo decades, these costs have been significantly high, the developments in the nanotechnology has made is possible to produce components for biosensors at significantly low costs (Joshi, Sharma Harsha, 2011). The rapid developments in production process such as rapid prototyping make it possible for the sensor to be produced in a cost effective manner. Conclusion Piezo nano-biosensors encompass the nano-scale sensing devices deployed to detect a myriad of analytes including microorganisms, proteins, nucleic acids, metal, and metabolites among others. In the production of these sensors, nanotechnology is playing pivotal role. In this context, the paper argues that nanotechnology has resulted in the revolution of the immunology technology in the extent that it is now possible to apply biosensors to detect presence of pathogens at the molecular level. This provides a possibility for early treatment. By fully appreciating that there are many detection principles that can be applied in t he development of nano-biosensors, the paper limited itself to the piezoelectric principle of detection. A possible piezoelectric sensor has been discussed in the paper alongside with its fabrications and operation principles. The paper argued that deploying antigens-antibody mechanism of detection of increases in masses resulting from antibody- antigens reactions due to the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. The sensor can aid in the early diagnosis of tuberculosis than it would ordinarily happen by the use of convectional nano-biosensors. Bibliography Adam, V R Kizek, ‘Utilization of Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology’, Sensors, vol. 8, no. 10, 2008, pp.6125–6131. Atta, N, A Galal, S Ali, Nanobiosensors for health care, Biosensors for Health, Environment and Biosecurity, 2011. Web. Bhushan, B, ‘Biosensors: surface structures and materials’, Philosophical transactions, Mathematical, physical, and engineeri ng sciences, vol. 370, no.1967, 2012, pp.2267–2268. Dey, D T Goswami, ‘Optical Biosensors: A Revolution towards Quantum Nanoscale Electronics Device Fabrication’, Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, vol.12, no. 5, 2011, pp 356-361. Hahn, C Piezoelectric Crystal Detectors and Their Applications, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, 1998. Ho, M, Applications of Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal Microbalances, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1999. Hussain, I et al. ‘Fabrication of Piezoelectric Sensors for Biomedical Applications’, MRS Symp. Proc. Materials for Smart System, vol. 459, no.31, 1997, pp. 501-506. Joshi, Y, C Sharma, P Harsha, ‘Zeptrogram scale mass sensing using single walled carbon nanotube based biosensors’, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, vol. 168, no,11, 2011, pp. 275-280. Joshi, R S Bhansali, ‘Nanosensor Technology’, Journal of Nanomaterials, vol. 1, no. 1, 2008, pp. 1-10. Khana, V, Nanosensors: Physical Chemi cal and Biological, Florida: CRC Press. Kumar, K 2000, ‘Biosensors Based on Piezoelectric Crystal Detectors: Theory and Application’, JOM, vol. 52, no.10, 2012, pp. 198-207. Muramatsu, H et al. ‘Piezoelectric Crystal Biosensor Modified with Protein A for Determination of Immunoglobulins’, Analytical Chemistry, vol. 59, no.19, 1987, pp. 2760-2763. Pohanka, M et al. ‘Piezoelectric Biosensor for a Simple Serological Diagnosis of Tularemia in Infected European Brown Hares’, Sensors, vol.7, no.11, 2007, pp. 2825–2834. Prakash, S, M Pinti, B Bhushan, ‘Theory, fabrication and applications of microfluidic and nanofluidic biosensors’, Philosophical transactions, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences, vol. 370, no.196, 2012, pp. 2269–2303. Velasco-Garcia, M T Mottram, ‘Biosensor Technology addressing Agricultural Problems’, Biosystems Engineering, vol. 84, no.1, 2003, pp. 1–12. Woolley, T, L Che ung, H Hafner, M Lieber, ‘Structural biology with carbon nanotube AFM probes’, Chemistry and Biology, vol. 7 no. 3, 2000, pp. 192-204. This case study on Piezoelectric Nano-biosensor Importance was written and submitted by user Allison H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Learn how to write a perfect paper

Learn how to write a perfect paper Little Known Ways to Write a Perfect Paper There may not really be such a thing as the â€Å"perfect paper,† but if you can write one and get an â€Å"A,† that is pretty darn close. Most professors do not give â€Å"A’s,† unless a paper is truly superior, especially when compared to the others that have been submitted. Most students, including you, know the process for writing paper assignments – choosing a topic, coming up with a thesis (the point you are making), doing the research, making an outline, writing the rough draft, getting all of the citations in, revising, and writing the final draft. All of these steps are absolutely necessary if your paper is to have sound structure and read well. The other really important part of producing an â€Å"A† paper is the ability to write well – to use proper sentence structure, grammar and punctuation, as well as style and vocabulary that is appropriate for your academic level. Now, here are some things you may not have thought of that will improve the chances for an â€Å"A,† and chances are teacher or professor ever gave you these â€Å"specific† pointers. Talk to your professor about your topic. Chances are, you will have a content field from you can choose options for writing a paper. And chances are, your professor has given a range of pages, perhaps 8-10. Once you have decided on your topic, email your professor, or better, stop by during his/her office hours and get his/her thoughts on your chosen topic. If that topic is too broad or too narrow, s/he will tell you so and perhaps make suggestions for refining it further. You have accomplished two things here: 1) your professor is a bit flattered that you have come to seek advice, and 2) you have refined your topic to meet his/her length requirements. You have also saved yourself the grief that can come from choosing a topic that is too broad and having too much written on it, or, worse, choosing one that is too narrow and not being able to find enough resources to meet the minimum page length. Don’t choose your thesis until you have completed your research. You may already have one in mind, and that is fine, but once you have finished the research, one of two things may have happened: 1) you may find a thesis that works better for the topic and/or 2) you may have changed your perspective on your original thoughts and now have a much better thesis with which to work. Don’t forget, you get a thesis by asking very specific questions: Why is this topic even important? If there are differing opinions, which ones do I find most valid and with which one do I agree most Which theses are other authors using on the topic, and will one of them work as a thesis for me? Sometimes re-wording the thesis of a respected authority on a subject, as long as you agree with it, works really well. Organizing your research into sub-topics can be a laborious, because you have to match stuff from several authors on each sub-topic. The traditional method has always been to use note cards and to use a different notecard from each author for each sub-topic addressed (and to be certain that the information for in-text citations is on that card).   You then compose your outline from the stacks of cards you have collated. Here are two other approaches that some students find more helpful: Once you have finished the research, sit back and think about the major points that most or all of the authors made. These then become your sub-topics. What you can then do is this: Put each sub-topic into a separate Word document, and then go through your notes, topic by topic and insert the information you intend to use with the citation information with it into each of the related Word documents. Print those out, and use those instead of an outline. If you have read one piece of research in which sub-topics have been extremely well organized and include all of the sub-topics you actually want to include, then by all means, model your sub-topics after those of that author. You do not have to â€Å"re-invent a wheel† that someone else has already invented! No professor will ever suggest that you do this, but it is a great option, as long as you do not plagiarize. Paper writing requires good command of the English language and the ability to translate information, concepts and thoughts into scholarly writing. If you have difficulty with this, you have several options: Go to your campus writing lab and get some help. This is a feasible solution if you have the time and if someone is available to really help you with paragraph and sentence structure, as well as grammar. You can write your rough draft and take it in for editing and polishing. Write your rough draft and find a friend who is a really good writer. S/he may have time to review and edit for you. Consider using a custom writing paper service that is able to provide all levels of help, from editing and proofreading your rough draft to actually producing an original, custom paper for you. There is no huge mystique about writing a great paper. It takes commitment and hard work. Using a few of these tips, however, may â€Å"ease your pain† somewhat.

Innovation (Apple Ipod) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Innovation (Apple Ipod) - Essay Example (Albury, 2005) From the singers to the composers, from the lyricists to the manufacturers of the devices which are used for playing music – they all are the key players in the music industry. The player that has been chosen for this report is the manufacturer of the music playing device. Apple introduced the revolutionary portable media player, called iPod on 23rd October 2001. (Breen, 2003) And this has been a major contribution to the world of innovation, since it radically altered the way music was being listened to. Innovation is to produce something new, whether it is an idea, a method or a device. Innovation opens the horizon for new dimensions to be explored and also fulfill some market niche which was unexplored and touched upon before the innovation. (Tushman, 2004) Moreover, the definition of innovation does not end there. Its scope is pretty vast. Innovation is not just about introducing a new thing; it is also about improving something old by adding an element of freshness and newness to it. Innovation is all about creativity. (Tidd, 2006) Innovation can happen in any field but mostly it is important in the field of business because that is where competition is intense and companies are fighting to gain the attention of the firm and they need to get a competitive edge somehow to come to notice. Innovation gives them that. Innovation requires creativity, and for a product to be successful ultimately, we need to make sure that it is functioning properly and is fitting the purpose for which it was created. (Tumi, 2002) Therefore, doing trial and error and continuously experimenting with your imagination is the preparation for an innovative product. For this purpose, companies open Research and Development Departments where they can experiment all they want to before finally giving a product to the end user.   Innovation is a concept which has been studied by managers and analysts time and

Auditing and why independence is important Essay

Auditing and why independence is important - Essay Example Carey, P. & Simnett, R. (2001) stated that in auditing theory and practice, independence is a matter of intellectual honesty. Auditors are expected to be unbiased and impartial with respect to financial statements and other information they audit. They are expected to be fair to both the companies and executives who issue financial information and to the outside persons who use it. Independence is important enough to stand alone as a concept. The public will grant social recognition of professional status to auditors only so long as they are perceived to be independent. The notion of individual independence is more specific in the conduct of each audit engagements. In essence, an individual auditor must not subordinate his or her judgment to others and must stay away from influences that might bias judgment.3 Loebbecke, A. (2000) argued that actual threats have to be considered on the situations that might be perceived as threats by a reasonable and informed observer. Where such threats exist, the auditor must put in place safeguards that eliminate them or reduce them to clearly insignificant levels. Safeguards apply at three levels: safeguards in the work environment, safeguards that increase the risk of detection, and specific safeguards to deal with particular cases. If he is unable to implement fully adequate safeguards, the auditor must not carry out the work. Gupta, K., (2006) mentioned that ethical guidance based on this framework includes examples of threats that might arise and appropriate safeguards to deal with them. But these are illustrative and not comprehensive. The auditor must be able to demonstrate that, in the particular circumstances under consideration, the fundamental principles had in fact been observed - a far more rigorous test of compliance. The framework approach is considered the most appropriate to adopt as: The aim of good guidance should be proactive, i.e. to require the auditor to identify and address risks, not merely passively obeying the letter of the code. A set of principles supported by reasoned guidance avoids the argument that any course of conduct that is not specifically prohibited is permissible, encouraging a search for ways around the rules. The approach recognizes the reality that the auditor is not wholly independent of his client, but that the threats to independence must be managed to clearly insignificant levels. Although the basic principles of auditor independence are straightforward they may need to be applied to an almost infinite number of circumstances. The detailed rules-based approach will have to be incomprehensibly complex to cope with all possible circumstances, or will be a blunt instrument, sometimes imposing inappropriate solutions or completely missing the problem. The business environment and structure of audit firms and their clients are continually evolving particularly in an international context. Clients and shareholders are generally allowed to choose the auditors to perform other work if they believe it is most efficient for them to do so, where adequate safeguards can be put in place. Nonetheless, where adequate s

Strategic Management Essay Example for Free

Strategic Management Essay Nintendo was founded on September 23, 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi in Japan which started out by selling game cards. In 1974, Nintendo ventured into the video gaming industry and since then have been committed to creating innovative video games console and games like the Nintendo Entertainment System, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Game boy, Nintendo 64, Game boy pocket, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo Game Cube, Nintendo DS, Nintendo DS lite, Wii, Nintendo DSi, Nintendo DSi XL, Nintendo 3DS, Super Mario Brothers game Series and Zelda Game Series. (Thompson, Strickland Gamble, 2010) Thompson, J. A., Strickland, I. A., Gamble, J. E. (2010). Crafting and Executing Strategy. New York, NY:McGraw-Hill Irwin. In 2006, Nintendo released the Nintendo Wii with the strategy of â€Å"fun for everyone† which captured majority of the video game market share. As of 2013, Nintendo is the longest running gaming company in the industry which operates in more than 35 countries such as Korea, USA, France and South Africa (Nintendo webbie). Nintendo is also the world’s largest video game company generating more than 6 billion USD in revenue, with more than 5,000 employees worldwide (financial statement 2013). The United States is the largest market for Nintendo which consist of more than one third of the sale in 2013. http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2013/130424e.pdf Nintendo’s mission is to continue to produce and market the best products of the highest quality and to treat every customer with respect, attention and consideration (http://www.nintendo.com/corp/mission.jsp). Nintendo will continue to pursue their basic strategy of expanding the gaming population by offering products that anyone regardless of age, gender or gaming experience can enjoy. (financial statement 2013). Porter Five forces Threat of new entry – Low. The entertainment market is currently in an oligopoly with competitors such as Sony (playstation 3), Microsoft (Xbox and Kinect) and the latest competitor Apple (Ipads). Any new company who wants to be in the gaming console industry will face high barriers of entry and face these 3 companies which have huge amount of resources and technology. Unless a company has huge amount of resource and experience to produce in a large scale to compete against Nintendo or their competitors, they will not experience economics of scale thus lowering their profit as compared to the rest. Threat of substitutes – Medium. Nintendo’s main source of revenue comes from their portable gaming device, the DS, the home entertainment system, the Wii and their games. Substitutes such as the Ipad or PS vista post a high threat against the Nintendo DS for the portable gaming devices and Xbox Kinect also posts a high level of substitution against Wii for the home entertainment system. Gaming applications in the past few years have been on the rise, showing a strong competition against games from Nintendo. People can download games from their Ipads and use it as a substitute against Nintendo’s products. Prices of competitors are also priced at a competitive rate as Nintendo. Technology of smartphones and social media such as facebook are also getting better where consumers can play games on their phones and on the internet. Power of Buyers Medium. The switching cost from Nintendo to its competitors are not high to the extend where one is unable to afford. Due t o technology advancements, Ipad users could download applications to play games from Nintendo. There are no concentrated buyers which make up a huge share of Nintendo’s revenue Power of suppliers – low. Electronic components are generally inexpensive unless being customized. With globalization, Nintendo could easier find suppliers which have a lower producing cost with the same quality. Nintendo suppliers would try to use all means and ways to keep Nintendo as their customers as Nintendo produces their consoles in a global scale. Competitive rivalry – Medium. Although Nintendo been introducing unique and cutting edge technology to have a competitive advantage over competitors such as the Nintendo 3DS where consumers are able to play 3D games without wearing 3D glasses, competitors such as Sony and Microsoft have been steadily improving on their technology to increase their competitiveness in the gaming industry. Nintendo is constantly trying to differentiate the ir products in the gaming industry however technology advancement have been trying to integrate the gaming industry where consumers can play the games using just one console such as computers or tablets. Value Rarity – Nintendo 3DS Inimitability Non-substitutability –

Dickens and his Stucture Of Hard Times Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"On every page Hard Times manifests its identity as a polemical work, a critique of Mid-Victorian industrial society dominated by materialism, acquisitiveness, and ruthlessly competitive capitalist economics† (Lodge 86). The quotation above illustrates the basis for Hard Times. Charles Dickens presents in his novel a specific structure to expose the evils and abuses of the Victorian Era. Dickens’ use of plot and characterization relate directly to the structure on account that it shows his view of the mistreatments and evils of the Victorian Era, along with his effort to expose them through literary methods. A befitting display of structure is evident through his giving name to the three books contained in Hard Times. The titles of the three appropriately named books are an allusion to the Bible, and are also â€Å"given a further twist in Gradgrind’s recommendation to ‘Plant nothing else and root out everything else’ (except facts)† (Lodge 91). In the first book, titled â€Å"Sowing, † we are introduced to those that Dickens creates a firm character basis with. The opening chapter emphasizes on Thomas Gradgrind Sr., and his students fittingly referred to as â€Å"vessels before him ready to have imperial gallons of facts poured into them until they are filled to the brim† (Dickens 12). Gradgrind’s methods of education are employed to show Dickens’ view on the evil of the educational system. Among the â€Å"vessels† are Bitzter and Sissy Jupe. They exemplify two entirely d...

The Return: Midnight Chapter 23

In the car, Matt sat by the sleeping Meredith with Saber crammed in at their feet, listening in shock and horror as they recounted Meredith's story. When they were done, he was able to speak about his own experiences. â€Å"I'm going to have nightmares al my life about Cole Reece,†he admitted. â€Å"And even though I slapped an amulet on him, and he cried, Dr. Alpert said he was Stillinfected. How can we fight something this far out of control?† Elena knew he was looking at her. She dug her nails into her palms. â€Å"It isn't that I haven't tried to use Wings of Purification over the town. I've tried so hard that I feel as if I'l burst. But it's no good. I can't control any Wings Powers at all! I think – after what I've learned about Meredith – that I may need training. But how do I get it? Where? From who?† There was a long silence in the car. At last Matt said, â€Å"We're al in the dark. Look at that courtroom! How can they have so many werewolves in one town?† â€Å"Wolves are sociable,†Stefan said quietly. â€Å"It looks as if there is a whole community of werewolves in Ridgemont. Seeded among the various Bear and Moose and Lions Clubs of course. For spying on the only creatures they're scared of: humans.† At the boardinghouse Stefan carried Meredith to the first-floor bedroom and Elena pul ed the covers over her. Then she went to the kitchen, where the conversation was continuing. â€Å"What about those werewolves'families? Their wives?†she demanded as she rubbed Matt's shoulders where she knew the muscles must hurt fiercely from being handcuffed behind his back. Her soft fingers soothed bruises, but her hands were strong, and she kept kneading and kneading until her own shoulder muscles began to swear at her†¦and beyond. Stefan stopped her. â€Å"Move over, love, I've got evil vampire magic. This is necessary medical treatment,†he added sternly to Matt. â€Å"So you have to take it no matter how much it hurts.†Elena could Stillfeel him, if faintly, through their connection and she saw how he anesthetized Matt's mind and then dug into the knotted shoulders as if he was kneading stiff dough, meanwhile reaching out with his Powers of healing. Mrs. Flowers came by just then with mugs of hot, sweet cinnamon tea. Matt drained his mug and his head fel back slightly. His eyes were shut, his lips parted. Elena felt a huge wave of pain and tension flood away from him. And then she hugged both of her boys and cried. â€Å"They picked me up on my own driveway,†Matt admitted as Elena sniffled. â€Å"And they did it by the book, but they wouldn't even look at the – the chaos al around them.† Mrs. Flowers approached again, looking serious. â€Å"Dear Matt, you've had a terrible day. What you need is a long rest.†She glanced at Stefan, as if to see how this would impact him, with so few blood donors. Stefan smiled reassuringly at her. Matt, Stillbeing kneaded pliant, had just nodded. After that his color started coming back and a little smile curved his lips. â€Å"There's m'main man,†he said, when Saber butted his way through traffic to pant directly in Matt's face. â€Å"Buddy, I love your dog breath,†he declared. â€Å"You saved me. Can he have a treat, Mrs. Flowers?†he asked, turning slightly unfocused blue eyes on her. â€Å"I know just what he'd like. I have half a roast left in the refrigerator that just needs to be heated a bit.†She punched buttons and in a short while, said, â€Å"Matt, would you like to do the honors? Remember to take the bone out – he might choke on it.† Matt took the large pot roast, which, heated, smel ed so good it made him aware that he was starving. He felt his morals col apse. â€Å"Mrs. Flowers, do you think I could make a sandwich before I give it to him?† â€Å"Oh, you poor dear boy!†she cried. â€Å"And I never even thought – of course they wouldn't give you lunch or dinner.† Mrs. Flowers got bread and Matt was happy enough with that, bread and meat, the simplest sandwich imaginable – and so good it curled his toes. Elena wept just a little more. So easy to make two creatures happy with one simple thing. More than two – they were al happy to see Matt safe and to watch Saber get his proper reward. The enormous dog had fol owed every movement of that roast with his eyes, tail swishing back and forth on the floor. But when Matt, Stillchomping, offered him the large piece of meat that was left, Saber just cocked his head to one side, staring at it as if to say, â€Å"You have to be joking.† â€Å"Yes, it's for you. Go on and take it now,†Mrs. Flowers said firmly. Final y, Saber opened his enormous mouth to take hold of the end of the roast, tail twirling like a helicopter blade. His body language was so clear that Matt laughed out loud. â€Å"This once on the floor with us,†Mrs. Flowers added magnificently, spreading a large rug over the kitchen floorboards. Saber's joy was only surpassed by his good manners. He put the roast on the rug and then trotted up to each of the humans to push a wet nose into hand or waist or under a chin, and then he trotted back and attacked his prize. â€Å"I wonder if he misses Sage?†Elena murmured. â€Å"I miss Sage,†Matt said indistinctly. â€Å"We need al the magic help we can get.† Meanwhile Mrs. Flowers was hurrying around the kitchen making ham and cheese sandwiches and bagging them like school lunches. â€Å"Anybody who wakes up tonight hungry must have something to eat,†she said. â€Å"Ham and cheese, chicken salad, some nice crisp carrots, and a big hunk of apple pie.†Elena went to help her. She didn't know why, but she wanted to cry some more. Mrs. Flowers patted her. â€Å"We are al feeling – er, strung out, â€Å"she announced gravely. â€Å"Anyone who doesn't feel like going right to sleep is probably running on too much adrenaline. My sleeping aid wil help with that. And I think we can trust our animal friends and the wards on the roof to keep us safe tonight.† Matt was practical y asleep on his feet now. â€Å"Mrs. Flowers – someday I'l repay you†¦but for now, I can't keep my eyes open.† â€Å"In other words, bedtime, kiddies,†Stefan said. He closed Matt's fingers firmly around a packed lunch, then steered him toward the stairs. Elena gathered several more lunches, kissed Mrs. Flowers twice, and went up to Stefan's room. She had the attic bed straightened and was opening a plastic bag when Stefan came in from putting Matt to bed. â€Å"Is he okay?†she said anxiously. â€Å"I mean, wil he be okay tomorrow?† â€Å"He'l be okay in his body. I got most of the damage healed.† â€Å"And in his mind?† â€Å"It's a tough thing. He just ran smack into Real Life. Arrested, knowing they might lynch him, not knowing if anybody would be able to figure out what had happened to him. He thought that even if we tracked him it would come down to a fight, which would have been hard to win – with so few of us, and not much magic left.† â€Å"But Saber fixed 'em,†Elena said. She looked thoughtful y at the sandwiches she'd laid out on the bed. â€Å"Stefan, do you want chicken salad or ham?†she asked. There was a silence. But it was moments before Elena looked up at him in astonishment. â€Å"Oh, Stefan – I – I actual y forgot. I just – today has been so strange – I forgot – â€Å" â€Å"I'm flattered,†Stefan said. â€Å"And you're sleepy. Whatever Mrs. Flowers puts in her tea – â€Å" â€Å"I think the government would be interested in it,†Elena offered. â€Å"For spies and things. But for now†¦Ã¢â‚¬ She held her arms out, head bent back, neck exposed. â€Å"No, love. I remember this afternoon, if you don't. And I swore I was going to start hunting, and I am,†Stefan said firmly. â€Å"You're going to leave me?†Elena said, startled out of her warm satisfaction. They stared at each other. â€Å"Don't leave,†Elena said, combing her hair away from her neck. â€Å"I had it al planned out, how you'l drink, and how we'l sleep holding each other. Please don't leave, Stefan.† She knew how hard he found it to leave her. Even if she was grimy and worn out, even if she was wearing grungy jeans and had dirt under her fingernails. She was endlessly beautiful and endlessly powerful and mysterious to him. He longed for her. Elena could feel it through their bond, which was beginning to hum, beginning to warm up, beginning to draw him in close. â€Å"But, Elena,†he said. He was trying to be sensible! Didn't he know she didn't want sensible at this particular moment? â€Å"Right here.†Elena tapped the soft spot on her neck. Their bond was singing like an electric power line now. But Stefan was stubborn. â€Å"You need to eat, yourself. You have to keep your strength up.† Elena immediately picked up a chicken salad sandwich and bit into it. Mmm†¦yummy. Real y good. She would have to pick Mrs. Flowers a wildflower bouquet. They were al so well taken care of here. She had to think of more ways to help. Stefan was watching her eat. It made him hungry, but that was because he was used to being fed round the clock, and not used to exercise. Elena could hear everything through their connection and she heard him thinking that he was glad to see Elena renewing herself. That he had learned discipline now; that it wouldn't do him any harm to go to bed one night feeling hungry. He would hold his sleepy adorable Elena al night. No! Elena was horrified. Since he'd been imprisoned in the Dark Dimension, anything that hinted at Stefan going without fil ed her with appal ing terror. Suddenly she had trouble swal owing the bite she'd taken. â€Å"Right here, right here†¦please?†she begged him. She didn't want to have to seduce him into it, but she would if he forced her to. She would wash her hands into pristine cleanliness, and change into a long, clinging nightgown, and stroke his stubborn canines in between kisses, and touch them with her tongue tip gently, just at the base where they wouldn't cut her as they responded and grew. And by then he would be dizzy, he would be out of control, he would be hers completely. All right, All right! Stefan thought to her. Mercy! â€Å"I don't want to give you mercy. I don't want you to let me go,†she said, holding her arms out to him, and heard her own voice soft and tender and yearning. â€Å"I want you to hold me and keep me forever, and I want to hold you and keep you forever.† Stefan's face had changed. He looked at her with the look he'd worn in prison when she had come to visit him in an outfit – very unlike the grubby one she wore now – and he'd said, bewildered, â€Å"Al this†¦it's for me?† There had been razor wire between them then. Now there was nothing to separate them and Elena could see how much Stefan wanted to come to her. She reached a little farther and then Stefan came into the circle of her arms and held her tightly but with infinite care not to use enough strength to hurt her. When he relaxed and leaned his forehead against hers, Elena realized that she would never be tired or sad or frightened without being able to think of this feeling and that it would uphold her for the rest of her life. At last they sank down together on the sheets, comforting each other in equal measure; exchanging sweet, warm kisses. With each kiss, Elena felt the outside world and al its horrors drift farther and farther away. How could anything be wrong when she herself felt that heaven was near? Matt and Meredith, Damon and Bonnie would surely al be safe and happy too. Meanwhile, every kiss brought her closer to paradise, and she knew Stefan felt the same way. They were so happy together that Elena knew that soon the entire universe would echo with their own joy, which overflowed like pure light and transformed everything it touched. Bonnie woke and realized she had only been unconscious for a few minutes. She began to shiver, and once she started she couldn't seem to stop. She felt a wave of heat envelop her, and she knew that Damon was trying to warm her, but Stillthe trembling wouldn't go away. â€Å"What's wrong?†Damon asked, and his voice was different from usual. â€Å"I don't know,†Bonnie said. She didn't. â€Å"Maybe it's because they kept starting to throw me out the window. I wasn't going to scream about that,†she added hastily, in case he assumed she would. â€Å"But then when they talked about torturing me – â€Å" She felt a sort of spasm go through Damon. He was holding her too hard. â€Å"Torturing you! They threatened you with that?† â€Å"Yes, because, you know, Misao's star bal was gone. They knew that it had been poured out; I didn't tel them that. But I had to tel them that it was my fault that the last half got poured out, and then they got mad at me. Oh! Damon, you're hurting me!† â€Å"So it was your fault it got poured out, was it?† â€Å"Well, I figure it was. You couldn't have done it if I hadn't gotten drunk, and – wh-what's wrong, Damon? Are you mad too?†He real y was holding her so that she real y couldn't breathe. Slowly, she felt his arms loosen a little. â€Å"A word of advice, little redbird. When people are threatening to torture and kil you, it might be more – expedient – to tel them that it's someone else's fault. Especial y if that happens to be the truth.† â€Å"I know that!†Bonnie said indignantly. â€Å"But they were going to kil me anyway. If I'd told about you, they'd've hurt you, too.† Damon pul ed her roughly back now, so that she had to look him in the face. Bonnie could also feel the delicate touch of a telepathic mind probe. She didn't resist; she was too busy wondering why he had plum-colored shadows under his eyes. Then he shook her a little, and she stopped wondering. â€Å"Don't you understand even the basics of self-preservation?†he said, and she thought he looked angry again. He was certainly different from any other time that she'd seen him – except once, she thought, and that was when Elena had been â€Å"Disciplined†for saving Lady Ulma's life, back when Ulma had been a slave. He'd had the same expression then, so menacing that even Meredith had been frightened of him, and yet so fil ed with guilt that Bonnie had longed to comfort him. But there had to be some other reason, Bonnie's mind told her. Because you're not Elena, and he's never going to treat you the way he treats Elena. A vision of the brown room rose before her, and she felt certain that he would never have put Elena there. Elena wouldn't have let him, for one thing. â€Å"Do I have to go back?†she asked, realizing that she was being petty and sil y and that the brown room had seemed like a haven just a little while ago. â€Å"Go back?†Damon said, a little too quickly. She had the feeling that he'd seen the brown room too, now, through her eyes. â€Å"Why? The landlady gave me everything in the room. So I have your real clothes and a bunch of star bal s down there, in case you weren't through with one. But why would you think you might have to go back?† â€Å"Well, I know you were looking for a lady of quality, and I'm not one,†Bonnie said simply. â€Å"That was just so I could change back into a vampire,†Damon said. â€Å"And what do you think is holding you up in the air right now?†But this time Bonnie knew somehow that the sensations from the â€Å"Never Ever†star bal s were Stillin her mind and that Damon was seeing them too. He was a vampire again. And the contents of these star bal s were so abominable that Damon's stony exterior final y cracked. Bonnie could almost guess what he thought of them, and of her, left to shiver under her one blanket every night. And then, to her total astonishment, Damon, the ever-composed, brand-new vampire blurted, â€Å"I'm sorry. I didn't think about how that place would be for you. Is there anything that wil make you feel better?† Bonnie blinked. She wondered, seriously, if she were dreaming. Damon didn't apologize. Damon famously didn't apologize, or explain, or speak so nicely to people, unless he wanted something from them. But one thing seemed real. She didn't have to sleep in the brown room anymore. This was so exciting that she flushed a little, and dared say, â€Å"Could we go down to the ground? Slowly? Because the truth is that I'm just terrified of heights.† Damon blinked, but said, â€Å"Yes, I think I can manage that. Is there anything else you'd like?† â€Å"Well – there are a couple of girls who'd be donors – happily – if – well – if there's any money left – if you could save them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Damon said a little sharply, â€Å"Of course there's some money left. I even wrung your share back out of that hag of a landlady.† â€Å"Well, then, there's that secret that I told you, but I don't know if you remember.† â€Å"How soon do you think you'l feel well enough to start?†asked Damon.

Death And The Afterlife Roman, Christianity And...

Death and the Afterlife Roman, Christianity and Epicureanism. Death in Ancient Rome In Ancient Rome diseases were quite common, and with little knowledge of medical practices, the average age of life expectancy was approximately thirty-five years old. However, a lot of babies died before they were even one-year-old. Roughly, about a quarter of all babies born died before they were a year old, this statistic being one out of every four babies born. This was generally from birth defects or inherited diseases, as well as being so small and weak that they were not able to fight anything off. A lot of children also died. About half of all the babies born died before they turned the age of ten, the reasoning behind this being the same for that of babies. From the ages of ten and forty, it is believed that hardly anybody died of disease since, at this age, people are generally healthy and strong. If death occurred during this age period, it was generally because men were killed in war or because women died in childbirth. It was very unusual for people to live into their ol der years of life. Despite this, diseases spread throughout Rome easily and since nobody had proper knowledge on medical practices, many people died this way. Ancient Rome Preparation of the Dead: The preparation of the deceased was a very important role in funerals for Romans. Certain guidelines were followed at this time of the process. If one was near the point of death, the closest relation who was presentShow MoreRelatedEarly Civilizations Matrix Essay examples2440 Words   |  10 Pagesadored Gods and their monarch they used marble, gold, Lapis and alabaster. They had a palace where it is known to be the resting place around the monarch. They created walls for protection and tombs for the dead as a way of respecting them for the afterlife. Philosophy was a very important part of the civilization in this era as it was the most important part for justice in the Hammurabi code; people had a way of dealing with life situations in a very strange but philosophical way, respecting the